Annual energy quantity which, in addition to the energy content of the fuel and the auxiliary energies for the plant technology, also includes the energy quantity required for the extraction, conversion and distribution of the respective fuels used (upstream process chains outside the building) using the primary energy factors applicable to the respective energy sources. Primary energy can also be used as an assessment variable for ecological criteria such as CO2 emissions, because it includes the total energy required for heating the building.

A plissée installation is a form of sun protection at the window that is similar to a roller blind. However, the fabric is not rolled up on a shaft like a roller blind, but is pre-folded (pleated) and is pushed together like an accordion to form a package. The terms pleated blind, pleated curtain or shortening pleated curtain are also commonly used for the systems. Pleated blinds are available in various degrees of transparency, colours, patterns, sizes and shapes. Even triangular or trapezoidal products are feasible within a certain range.

Like its name suggests, the passive house generates its thermal energy primarily through passive heat sources such as solar radiation and the waste heat from technical equipment and the occupants. In order to achieve this goal, optimal thermal insulation is necessary, which among other things places high demands on the insulation of windows and exterior doors.

The Passive House Institute maintains on its website a list of certified components that can be used for an energy-efficient building. The components are divided into 3 categories: Opaque building envelope, building services and transparent envelope. Passive house certified components are approximately two to four times more efficient than the corresponding commonly used products.

Products that carry the certificate "Passive House suitable components" are tested according to uniform criteria, are comparable in terms of their characteristic values and are of excellent energy quality. Their use makes the planner's task much easier and contributes significantly to ensuring the perfect functioning of the resulting passive house.

A passive house window is a component of a passive house, which has a heat permeability of well below 1 W/m2K and allows solar energy gains. Certified passive house windows also have triple-pane thermal insulation glazing, a highly insulating window frame and perfect air tightness.

Periodic payment according to the progress of the construction work based on a quantity survey.

Short symbol DIN EN 13556: PNSY

Botanical name Pinus sylvestris; Family Pinaceae

Distribution: Europe, east to Siberia; Asia Minor

Trade names: pine, common pine (DE); Scots pine (CH); pin commun, pin sylvestre (FR); pino silvestre (ES, IT); Baltic redwood, pine, scots pine (GB); grove den (NL)

Short description
The domestic pine, Tree of the Year 2007, is with 24 % forest share (approx. 2.5 million ha) and 21 % of the timber stock after the spruce the most important forest and commercial tree species in Germany. The moderately heavy wood, together with that of the black pine (P. nigra) and a few other pines from North America (P. resinosa = red pine) and East Asia (P. densiflora = Japanese red pine), forms a firmly defined group, which lies between the lighter soft pines and the heavier hard pines (both important pine assortments in North America) in terms of weight and properties.

The sapwood is white and yellowing in the light, in younger trees often occupying the greater part of the trunk volume; the heartwood is clearly separated, yellowish to reddish brown, darkening strongly in the light. The regular alternation between light early wood and darker late wood results in distinct grain on tangential surfaces and narrow stripes on radial surfaces. Resin channels are good on smooth cross-sections with a magnifying glass, on longitudinal surfaces just visible. Fresh wood has a strong resinous smell.

Overall character
Straight grained, sometimes very resin-rich softwood with a clear core colouring, clearly structured by the change from light early wood to dark late wood bands.

Deviations
Compressed wood (redwood); resin accumulation (red hardness, pine wood and resin galls) caused by damage during growth, e.g. after long-term resinification

Surface treatment
Pine wood, after appropriate removal of any resinous areas, should be treated well with any means and by any method, covering or glazing. It is similarly advantageous in this respect as, for example, spruce, larch and Douglas fir. After prolonged storage in water, bacterial attack can cause uneven absorption of the agents in the sapwood, resulting in staining.

Machinability
The processing of the wood requires little effort and results in particularly smooth planed surfaces. When sawing, planing, and especially when sanding resin-rich qualities (red hard wood), the tools can resinify quickly and cause corresponding processing defects. The wood is also easy to cut and peel. Corner joints nails and screws as well as glued joints hold well.

Drying
The average shrinkage values result in a usually still good staying power. The technical drying process is fast and without specific difficulties; however, too sharp drying programs can lead to fine cracking, especially in the permeable sapwood.

Areas of application
Pine wood is offered as round timber, sawn timber and veneer, more rarely in the form of glued construction elements (solid structural timber, glued laminated timber, glued scantlings). In interior construction, pine is versatile and can be used for skeleton constructions, load-bearing walls and ceilings, floors, staircase, wall and ceiling panelling, built-in furniture, etc., and in exterior construction for façade cladding, balconies, windows and doors, fences and gates. In addition, pine is an important bulk wood for many wood-based materials and for the pulp and paper industry.

Pine - Technical Properties
Weight fresh750-850 kg/m³
Bulk density air-dry (12-15% u)0.51-0.55 g/cm³
Compressive strength u12-1545-55 N/mm²
Flexural strength u12-1579-100 N/mm²
Modulus of elasticity (bending) u12-1510 800-13 000 N/mm²
Hardness (JANKA) ⊥, converted2,2-5,1 kN
Hardness (BRINELL) ⊥ to fiber u12-1514-23 N/mm²
Differential shrinkage (radial)0.15-0.19 %
Differential shrinkage (tangential)0,25-0,36 %
pH value5.1
Natural durability (DIN-EN 350-2)3-4

The term pivot window usually refers to a window which is equipped with only one casement. It can only be opened in the direction of rotation, the tilt position is therefore not possible. As a rule, the centre of rotation is on the vertical axis, although it can also be on the left or right of this axis.

Vertical subdivision of a frame for the design and/or mounting of fixed glazing or sashes.

PVB film
An intermediate layer of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) is usually used to produce laminated safety glass.

The project manager (PL) leads the members of the project team (core team), plans, monitors and controls the project, and is responsible for achieving the project goals (services, costs, deadlines, etc.).

Length-related heat transfer coefficient (W/mK) for determining the amount of heat transferred in the area of the glass edge seal. This characteristic value depends on the spacer, the glazing and the window design. Normal values for triple glazing are between 0.04 and 0.02 W/m2K. Standard values for double glazing are between 0.1 and 0.033 W/m2K.